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How to Make a Habit Irresistible. IN THE 1940S, a Dutch scientist named Niko Tinbergen performed a series of experiments that transformed our understanding of what motivates us. Tinbergen—who eventually won a Nobel Prize for his work—was investigating herring gulls, the gray and white birds often seen flying along the seashores of North America. Adult herring gulls have a small red dot on their beak, and Tinbergen noticed that newly hatched chicks would peck this spot whenever they wanted food. To begin one experiment, he created a collection of fake cardboard beaks, just a head without a body. When the parents had flown away, he went over to the nest and offered these dummy beaks to the chicks. The beaks were obvious fakes, and he assumed the baby birds would reject them altogether. However, when the tiny gulls saw the red spot on the cardboard beak, they pecked away just as if it were attached to their own mother. They had a clear preference for those red spots—as if they had been genetically programmed at birth. Soon Tinbergen discovered that the bigger the red spot, the faster the chicks pecked. Eventually, he created a beak with three large red dots on it. When he placed it over the nest, the baby birds went crazy with delight. They pecked at the little red patches as if it was the greatest beak they had ever seen. Tinbergen and his colleagues discovered similar behavior in other animals. For example, the greylag goose is a ground-nesting bird. Occasionally, as the mother moves around on the nest, one of the eggs will roll out and settle on the grass nearby. Whenever this happens, the goose will waddle over to the egg and use its beak and neck to pull it back into the nest.
如何让习惯变得不可抗拒。在20世纪40年代,一位名叫尼科·廷伯根的荷兰科学家进行了一系列实验,改变了我们对动机的理解。廷伯根——最终因其工作获得诺贝尔奖——当时正在研究银鸥,这种灰白相间的鸟类经常在北美海岸线上飞翔。成年银鸥的喙上有一个小红点,廷伯根注意到,新孵出的小鸡只要想吃东西,就会啄这个点。为了开始一项实验,他制作了一组假的硬纸板鸟喙,只有头没有身体。当父母飞走后,他走到巢边,把这些假喙提供给小鸡。这些喙是明显的赝品,他以为幼鸟会完全拒绝它们。然而,当这些小海鸥看到硬纸板喙上的红点时,它们啄个不停,就好像它附着在它们自己母亲身上一样。它们对那些红点有明显的偏好——就好像它们在出生时就被基因编程了一样。很快,廷伯根发现红点越大,小鸡啄得越快。最终,他制作了一个带有三个大红点的喙。当他把它放在巢上时,幼鸟们高兴得发狂。它们啄着那些小红斑,就好像这是它们见过的最棒的喙一样。廷伯根和他的同事在其他动物身上也发现了类似的行为。例如,灰雁是一种在地面筑巢的鸟。偶尔,当母亲在巢上走动时,其中一个蛋会滚出来,停在附近的草地上。每当这种情况发生时,灰雁就会摇摇晃晃地走到蛋前,用它的喙和脖子把它拉回巢里。
How to Make a Habit Irresistible.
如何让习惯变得不可抗拒。
irresistible /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbl/
adj. 不可抗拒的
Ex: An irresistible offer.
例句翻译:不可抗拒的提议。
分析:形容词,太有吸引力以至于无法停止想要。
IN THE 1940S, a Dutch scientist named Niko Tinbergen performed a series of experiments that transformed our understanding of what motivates us.
在20世纪40年代,一位名叫尼科·廷伯根的荷兰科学家进行了一系列实验,改变了我们对动机的理解。
Dutch /dʌtʃ/
adj. 荷兰的
Ex: Dutch cheese.
例句翻译:荷兰奶酪。
分析:形容词,与荷兰及其人民或语言有关的。
transform /trænsˈfɔːrm/
v. 改变,使改观
Ex: Transform the industry.
例句翻译:改变这个行业。
分析:动词,彻底改变某事物的形态或外观。
motivate /ˈmoʊtɪveɪt/
v. 激发,促动
Ex: What motivates you?
例句翻译:什么激励着你?
分析:动词,使某人想做某事。
Tinbergen—who eventually won a Nobel Prize for his work—was investigating herring gulls, the gray and white birds often seen flying along the seashores of North America.
廷伯根——最终因其工作获得诺贝尔奖——当时正在研究银鸥,这种灰白相间的鸟类经常在北美海岸线上飞翔。
eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/
adv. 最终
Ex: He eventually succeeded.
例句翻译:他最终成功了。
分析:副词,在很长一段时间或很多问题之后。
investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/
v. 调查,研究
Ex: Investigate the cause.
例句翻译:调查原因。
分析:动词,仔细检查事实以找出真相。
seashore /ˈsiːʃɔːr/
n. 海岸,海滨
Ex: Walk along the seashore.
例句翻译:沿着海滨散步。
分析:名词,靠近海的陆地区域。
Adult herring gulls have a small red dot on their beak, and Tinbergen noticed that newly hatched chicks would peck this spot whenever they wanted food.
成年银鸥的喙上有一个小红点,廷伯根注意到,新孵出的小鸡只要想吃东西,就会啄这个点。
beak /biːk/
n. 鸟喙
Ex: A bird's beak.
例句翻译:鸟的喙。
分析:名词,鸟类坚硬的嘴部。
hatch /hætʃ/
v. 孵化
Ex: The eggs hatched.
例句翻译:蛋孵化了。
分析:动词,小鸟、小鱼等从蛋中出来。
peck /pek/
v. 啄
Ex: Chickens peck at seeds.
例句翻译:鸡啄食种子。
分析:动词,用喙咬或敲击。
To begin one experiment, he created a collection of fake cardboard beaks, just a head without a body.
为了开始一项实验,他制作了一组假的硬纸板鸟喙,只有头没有身体。
collection /kəˈlekʃn/
n. 收集,收藏品
Ex: A stamp collection.
例句翻译:集邮。
分析:名词,一组被收集在一起的物品。
fake /feɪk/
adj. 假的
Ex: A fake ID.
例句翻译:假身份证。
分析:形容词,不是真的,但看起来像真的。
cardboard /ˈkɑːrdbɔːrd/
n. 硬纸板
Ex: A cardboard box.
例句翻译:纸板箱。
分析:名词,厚而硬的纸,用于制作盒子等。
When the parents had flown away, he went over to the nest and offered these dummy beaks to the chicks.
当父母飞走后,他走到巢边,把这些假喙提供给小鸡。
nest /nest/
n. 巢,窝
Ex: A bird's nest.
例句翻译:鸟巢。
分析:名词,鸟类建造用来产卵和养育幼鸟的地方。
dummy /ˈdʌmi/
adj. 假的,仿制的
Ex: A dummy weapon.
例句翻译:假武器。
分析:形容词,用来替代真实物品的复制品。
The beaks were obvious fakes, and he assumed the baby birds would reject them altogether.
这些喙是明显的赝品,他以为幼鸟会完全拒绝它们。
obvious /ˈɑːbviəs/
adj. 明显的
Ex: An obvious mistake.
例句翻译:明显的错误。
分析:形容词,容易看到或理解的。
assume /əˈsuːm/
v. 假设,认为
Ex: I assume he is coming.
例句翻译:我以为他会来。
分析:动词,在没有证据的情况下认为某事是真的。
altogether /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðər/
adv. 完全地,总共
Ex: Stop altogether.
例句翻译:彻底停止。
分析:副词,完全地或彻底地。
However, when the tiny gulls saw the red spot on the cardboard beak, they pecked away just as if it were attached to their own mother.
然而,当这些小海鸥看到硬纸板喙上的红点时,它们啄个不停,就好像它附着在它们自己母亲身上一样。
tiny /ˈtaɪni/
adj. 极小的
Ex: A tiny insect.
例句翻译:极小的昆虫。
分析:形容词,非常小的。
peck away /pek əˈweɪ/
phr. 不停地啄
Ex: The bird pecked away at the wood.
例句翻译:鸟儿不停地啄木头。
分析:短语动词,连续不断地啄。
attach /əˈtætʃ/
v. 附着,连接
Ex: Attach a file.
例句翻译:附上文件。
分析:动词,把某物固定或连接到另一物上。
They had a clear preference for those red spots—as if they had been genetically programmed at birth.
它们对那些红点有明显的偏好——就好像它们在出生时就被基因编程了一样。
preference /ˈprefrəns/
n. 偏好,偏爱
Ex: A preference for sweet food.
例句翻译:对甜食的偏好。
分析:名词,比起其他事物更喜欢某事物。
genetically /dʒəˈnetɪkli/
adv. 从基因上
Ex: Genetically modified.
例句翻译:基因改造的。
分析:副词,与基因或遗传有关地。
program /ˈproʊɡræm/
v. 设定,编程
Ex: Programmed to respond.
例句翻译:被设定为做出反应。
分析:动词,赋予(人或动物)某种本能的反应模式。
Soon Tinbergen discovered that the bigger the red spot, the faster the chicks pecked.
很快,廷伯根发现红点越大,小鸡啄得越快。
discover /dɪˈskʌvər/
v. 发现
Ex: Discover a new planet.
例句翻译:发现一颗新行星。
分析:动词,找到或了解到以前未知的事物。
Eventually, he created a beak with three large red dots on it.
最终,他制作了一个带有三个大红点的喙。
create /kriˈeɪt/
v. 创造,制作
Ex: Create a masterpiece.
例句翻译:创作杰作。
分析:动词,使某事物存在。
When he placed it over the nest, the baby birds went crazy with delight.
当他把它放在巢上时,幼鸟们高兴得发狂。
place /pleɪs/
v. 放置
Ex: Place it on the table.
例句翻译:把它放在桌子上。
分析:动词,小心地把某物放在特定的位置。
crazy /ˈkreɪzi/
adj. 疯狂的,狂热的
Ex: Go crazy.
例句翻译:发疯。
分析:形容词,非常激动或失去控制的。
delight /dɪˈlaɪt/
n. 高兴,愉快
Ex: With great delight.
例句翻译:非常高兴地。
分析:名词,极大的快乐或满足感。
They pecked at the little red patches as if it was the greatest beak they had ever seen.
它们啄着那些小红斑,就好像这是它们见过的最棒的喙一样。
patch /pætʃ/
n. 斑块,小片
Ex: A patch of ice.
例句翻译:一小片冰。
分析:名词,与周围区域不同的一小块地方。
greatest /ˈɡreɪtɪst/
adj. 最伟大的,最好的
Ex: The greatest show.
例句翻译:最伟大的表演。
分析:形容词,great的最高级。
Tinbergen and his colleagues discovered similar behavior in other animals.
廷伯根和他的同事在其他动物身上也发现了类似的行为。
colleague /ˈkɑːliːɡ/
n. 同事
Ex: A trusted colleague.
例句翻译:一位值得信赖的同事。
分析:名词,在一起工作的人。
similar /ˈsɪməyər/
adj. 类似的
Ex: Similar interests.
例句翻译:相似的兴趣。
分析:形容词,像某物但并不完全相同的。
behavior /bɪˈheɪvjər/
n. 行为
Ex: Animal behavior.
例句翻译:动物行为。
分析:名词,人或动物做事的方式。
For example, the greylag goose is a ground-nesting bird.
例如,灰雁是一种在地面筑巢的鸟。
goose /ɡuːs/
n. 鹅,雁
Ex: A flock of geese.
例句翻译:一群鹅。
分析:名词,一种大型水鸟。
ground-nesting /ˈɡraʊnd nestɪŋ/
adj. 在地面筑巢的
Ex: Ground-nesting birds are vulnerable.
例句翻译:地面筑巢的鸟类很容易受到攻击。
分析:复合形容词,指把巢建在地上的。
Occasionally, as the mother moves around on the nest, one of the eggs will roll out and settle on the grass nearby.
偶尔,当母亲在巢上走动时,其中一个蛋会滚出来,停在附近的草地上。
occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/
adv. 偶尔
Ex: We meet occasionally.
例句翻译:我们偶尔见面。
分析:副词,有时,但不经常。
roll out /roʊl aʊt/
phr. 滚出
Ex: The ball rolled out.
例句翻译:球滚了出去。
分析:动词短语,通过滚动移动到外面。
settle /ˈsetl/
v. 停留,安顿
Ex: Dust settled on the books.
例句翻译:灰尘落在书上。
分析:动词,移动后停留在某个地方。
Whenever this happens, the goose will waddle over to the egg and use its beak and neck to pull it back into the nest.
每当这种情况发生时,灰雁就会摇摇晃晃地走到蛋前,用它的喙和脖子把它拉回巢里。
whenever /wenˈevər/
conj. 每当
Ex: Whenever I call, he is out.
例句翻译:每次我打电话,他都不在。
分析:连词,在任何...的时候。
waddle /ˈwɑːdl/
v. 摇摇晃晃地走
Ex: A duck waddles.
例句翻译:鸭子摇摇晃晃地走。
分析:动词,迈着小步左右摇摆地走(像鸭子或鹅一样)。
pull /pʊl/
v. 拉,拖
Ex: Pull the door open.
例句翻译:把门拉开。
分析:动词,用力把某物向自己方向移动。
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