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A primary goal of food science is to create products that are more attractive to consumers. Nearly every food in a bag, box, or jar has been enhanced in some way, if only with additional flavoring. Companies spend millions of dollars to discover the most satisfying level of crunch in a potato chip or the perfect amount of fizz in a soda. Entire departments are dedicated to optimizing how a product feels in your mouth—a quality known as orosensation. French fries, for example, are a potent combination—golden brown and crunchy on the outside, light and smooth on the inside. Other processed foods enhance dynamic contrast, which refers to items with a combination of sensations, like crunchy and creamy. Imagine the gooeyness of melted cheese on top of a crispy pizza crust, or the crunch of an Oreo cookie combined with its smooth center. With natural, unprocessed foods, you tend to experience the same sensations over and over—how’s that seventeenth bite of kale taste? After a few minutes, your brain loses interest and you begin to feel full. But foods that are high in dynamic contrast keep the experience novel and interesting, encouraging you to eat more. Ultimately, such strategies enable food scientists to find the “bliss point” for each product—the precise combination of salt, sugar, and fat that excites your brain and keeps you coming back for more. The result, of course, is that you overeat because hyperpalatable foods are more attractive to the human brain. As Stephan Guyenet, a neuroscientist who specializes in eating behavior and obesity, says, “We’ve gotten too good at pushing our own buttons.” The modern food industry, and the overeating habits it has spawned, is just one example of the 2nd Law of Behavior Change: Make it attractive. The more attractive an opportunity is, the more likely it is to become habitforming.
食品科学的一个主要目标是创造对消费者更具吸引力的产品。几乎所有袋装、盒装或罐装的食品都在某种程度上被强化过,哪怕只是添加了额外的调味料。公司花费数百万美元来寻找薯片最令人满意的松脆程度,或是汽水中最完美的起泡量。整个部门都致力于优化产品在嘴里的感觉——这种特性被称为“口腔感觉”。例如,炸薯条就是一种强效的组合——外表金黄酥脆,内部轻盈顺滑。其他加工食品增强了“动态对比”,指的是具有组合感觉的物品,比如又脆又滑。想象一下酥脆的披萨饼皮上融化的奶酪的粘稠感,或者奥利奥饼干的松脆与其光滑的夹心相结合的感觉。对于天然、未加工的食物,你往往会一遍又一遍地体验相同的感觉——第十七口羽衣甘蓝的味道如何?几分钟后,你的大脑就会失去兴趣,你开始感到饱了。但是,那些“动态对比”度高的食物能让体验保持新奇和有趣,鼓励你吃得更多。 最终,这些策略使得食品科学家能够为每种产品找到“极乐点”——盐、糖和脂肪的精确组合,能刺激你的大脑并让你欲罢不能。当然,结果就是你会吃得过多,因为超高适口性的食物对人类大脑更具吸引力。正如专门研究饮食行为和肥胖的神经科学家斯蒂芬·古耶内特所说:“我们在按自己的按钮方面变得太在行了。” 现代食品工业及其引发的暴饮暴食习惯,只是行为改变第二定律“让它变得有吸引力”的一个例子。一个机会越有吸引力,它就越有可能养成习惯。
A primary goal of food science is to create products that are more attractive to consumers.
食品科学的一个主要目标是创造对消费者更具吸引力的产品。
primary /ˈpraɪmeri/
adj. 主要的,首要的
Ex: Our primary objective is to improve quality.
例句翻译:我们的首要目标是提高质量。
分析:指最重要的或最基础的事物。
attractive /əˈtræktɪv/
adj. 吸引人的,有魅力的
Ex: They made an attractive offer.
例句翻译:他们提出了一个有吸引力的报价。
分析:引起人们兴趣或欲望的属性。
consumers /kənˈsuːmərz/
n. 消费者(复数)
Ex: We need to understand what consumers want.
例句翻译:我们需要了解消费者想要什么。
分析:购买商品或服务以供个人使用的个人或群体。
Nearly every food in a bag, box, or jar has been enhanced in some way, if only with additional flavoring.
几乎所有袋装、盒装或罐装的食品都在某种程度上被强化过,哪怕只是添加了额外的调味料。
enhanced /ɪnˈhænst/
v. 提高,增强(过去分词)
Ex: The sauce enhanced the flavor of the meat.
例句翻译:酱汁增强了肉的香味。
分析:指在质量、价值或吸引力上得到改善或增加。
additional /əˈdɪʃənl/
adj. 额外的,附加的
Ex: There will be an additional charge for delivery.
例句翻译:送货将收取额外费用。
分析:在原有基础上增加的。
flavoring /ˈfleɪvərɪŋ/
n. 调味料,香料
Ex: Vanilla flavoring is often used in cakes.
例句翻译:香草调味料常用于蛋糕中。
分析:添加到食物或饮料中以赋予特定味道的物质。
Companies spend millions of dollars to discover the most satisfying level of crunch in a potato chip or the perfect amount of fizz in a soda.
公司花费数百万美元来寻找薯片最令人满意的松脆程度,或是汽水中最完美的起泡量。
satisfying /ˈsætɪsfaɪɪŋ/
adj. 令人满意的
Ex: It is very satisfying to know that the project was a success.
例句翻译:知道项目取得了成功,令人非常满意。
分析:给人带来满足感或快感的。
crunch /krʌntʃ/
n. 松脆声,嘎吱声
Ex: She bit into the apple with a loud crunch.
例句翻译:她咬了一口苹果,发出一声响亮的嘎吱声。
分析:咀嚼硬或脆的食物时产生的声音或感觉。
fizz /fɪz/
n. 嘶嘶声,起泡
Ex: The drink has lost its fizz.
例句翻译:这饮料已经没气了。
分析:碳酸饮料中气泡破裂时产生的声音和口感。
Entire departments are dedicated to optimizing how a product feels in your mouth—a quality known as orosensation.
整个部门都致力于优化产品在嘴里的感觉——这种特性被称为“口腔感觉”。
dedicated /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/
adj. 致力于,献身的
Ex: She is dedicated to her work.
例句翻译:她致力于她的工作。
分析:全心全意地投入到某项事业或任务中。
optimizing /ˈɑːptɪmaɪzɪŋ/
v. 优化(现在分词)
Ex: We are optimizing our website for mobile devices.
例句翻译:我们正在优化网站以适应移动设备。
分析:使某物尽可能好或有效。
orosensation /ˌɔːroʊsenˈseɪʃn/
n. 口腔感觉
Ex: Orosensation plays a key role in food enjoyment.
例句翻译:口腔感觉在享受美食中起着关键作用。
分析:专业术语,指食物在口腔中产生的触觉体验。
French fries, for example, are a potent combination—golden brown and crunchy on the outside, light and smooth on the inside.
例如,炸薯条就是一种强效的组合——外表金黄酥脆,内部轻盈顺滑。
potent /ˈpoʊtnt/
adj. 强有力的,有效的
Ex: This is a potent drug and can have bad side effects.
例句翻译:这是一种强效药,可能会有不良副作用。
分析:具有强大力量或影响力的。
combination /ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃn/
n. 结合,组合
Ex: His success was a combination of hard work and luck.
例句翻译:他的成功是努力和运气的结合。
分析:两个或多个事物的混合体。
smooth /smuːð/
adj. 光滑的,平稳的
Ex: The surface of the table was smooth and shiny.
例句翻译:桌子表面光滑而闪亮。
分析:这里指食物内部细腻、不粗糙的口感。
Other processed foods enhance dynamic contrast, which refers to items with a combination of sensations, like crunchy and creamy.
其他加工食品增强了“动态对比”,指的是具有组合感觉的物品,比如又脆又滑。
processed /ˈprɑːsest/
adj. 处理过的,加工过的
Ex: Processed foods are often high in salt.
例句翻译:加工食品通常含盐量很高。
分析:经过特殊工序处理以保存或改善风味的。
dynamic /daɪˈnæmɪk/
adj. 动态的,充满活力的
Ex: Markets are dynamic and constantly changing.
例句翻译:市场是动态的,并且不断变化。
分析:在此指产生变化或差异的特性。
creamy /ˈkriːmi/
adj. 细腻的,奶油般的
Ex: This soup is rich and creamy.
例句翻译:这汤浓郁又如奶油般细腻。
分析:质地像奶油一样柔滑的。
Imagine the gooeyness of melted cheese on top of a crispy pizza crust, or the crunch of an Oreo cookie combined with its smooth center.
想象一下酥脆的披萨饼皮上融化的奶酪的粘稠感,或者奥利奥饼干的松脆与其光滑的夹心相结合的感觉。
gooeyness /ˈɡuːinəs/
n. 粘稠,胶黏状态
Ex: The gooeyness of the caramel made the dessert delicious.
例句翻译:焦糖的粘稠感使甜点非常美味。
分析:软而黏的质地,常用来形容融化的糖或奶酪。
crispy /ˈkrɪspi/
adj. 酥脆的
Ex: I like my bacon nice and crispy.
例句翻译:我喜欢把培根烤得香脆。
分析:容易咬碎并发出清脆声音的。
crust /krʌst/
n. 饼皮,外壳
Ex: We feed the dry crusts to the birds.
例句翻译:我们把干面包皮喂给鸟吃。
分析:食物坚硬的外层,如面包皮或披萨饼底。
With natural, unprocessed foods, you tend to experience the same sensations over and over—how’s that seventeenth bite of kale taste?
对于天然、未加工的食物,你往往会一遍又一遍地体验相同的感觉——第十七口羽衣甘蓝的味道如何?
unprocessed /ˌʌnˈprɑːsest/
adj. 未加工的
Ex: Unprocessed foods are generally healthier.
例句翻译:未加工的食物通常更健康。
分析:保持自然状态,没有经过工业处理的。
tend to /tend tu/
phrase. 倾向于,往往会
Ex: People tend to need less sleep as they get older.
例句翻译:人们随着年龄增长,往往需要的睡眠更少。
分析:表示某事经常发生或某人经常做某事。
kale /keɪl/
n. 羽衣甘蓝
Ex: Kale is considered a superfood.
例句翻译:羽衣甘蓝被认为是一种超级食物。
分析:一种绿叶蔬菜,因健康益处而广受欢迎。
After a few minutes, your brain loses interest and you begin to feel full.
几分钟后,你的大脑就会失去兴趣,你开始感到饱了。
loses /luːzɪz/
v. 失去(第三人称单数)
Ex: He often loses his temper.
例句翻译:他经常发脾气。
分析:不再拥有某事物或某种状态。
interest /ˈɪntrəst/
n. 兴趣,关注
Ex: She showed no interest in the proposal.
例句翻译:她对这个提议表现出毫无兴趣。
分析:想要了解或关注某事物的意愿。
But foods that are high in dynamic contrast keep the experience novel and interesting, encouraging you to eat more.
但是,那些“动态对比”度高的食物能让体验保持新奇和有趣,鼓励你吃得更多。
novel /ˈnɑːvl/
adj. 新奇的,新颖的
Ex: It was a novel idea.
例句翻译:那是一个新奇的想法。
分析:与众不同且以前未曾见过的。
encouraging /ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒɪŋ/
v. 鼓励,促进(现在分词)
Ex: The teacher is always encouraging her students.
例句翻译:老师总是鼓励她的学生。
分析:给人希望、勇气或信心去采取行动。
Ultimately, such strategies enable food scientists to find the “bliss point” for each product—the precise combination of salt, sugar, and fat that excites your brain and keeps you coming back for more.
最终,这些策略使得食品科学家能够为每种产品找到“极乐点”——盐、糖和脂肪的精确组合,能刺激你的大脑并让你欲罢不能。
Ultimately /ˈʌltɪmətli/
adv. 最终,最后
Ex: Ultimately, he'll have to make the decision himself.
例句翻译:最终,他将不得不自己做决定。
分析:在一系列事件或过程的最后。
precise /prɪˈsaɪs/
adj. 精确的,准确的
Ex: We need precise measurements.
例句翻译:我们需要精确的测量。
分析:细节上准确无误的。
excites /ɪkˈsaɪts/
v. 刺激,使兴奋(第三人称单数)
Ex: The prospect of traveling excites me.
例句翻译:旅行的前景让我感到兴奋。
分析:引起强烈的感情或反应。
The result, of course, is that you overeat because hyperpalatable foods are more attractive to the human brain.
当然,结果就是你会吃得过多,因为超高适口性的食物对人类大脑更具吸引力。
overeat /ˌoʊvərˈiːt/
v. 吃得过多
Ex: Don't overeat, or you'll feel sick.
例句翻译:别吃得太多,否则你会觉得恶心。
分析:进食量超过了身体的需要。
hyperpalatable /ˌhaɪpərˈpælətəbl/
adj. 超高适口性的,极度美味的
Ex: Fast food is often hyperpalatable to increase sales.
例句翻译:快餐通常极度美味以增加销量。
分析:专业词汇,指食物经过特殊设计,让人吃起来非常愉悦且难以抗拒。
As Stephan Guyenet, a neuroscientist who specializes in eating behavior and obesity, says, “We’ve gotten too good at pushing our own buttons.”
正如专门研究饮食行为和肥胖的神经科学家斯蒂芬·古耶内特所说:“我们在按自己的按钮方面变得太在行了。”
neuroscientist /ˌnʊroʊˈsaɪəntɪst/
n. 神经科学家
Ex: The neuroscientist explained how the brain forms habits.
例句翻译:神经科学家解释了大脑是如何形成习惯的。
分析:专门研究神经系统及其功能的科学家。
specializes /ˈspeʃəlaɪzɪz/
v. 专攻,专门研究(第三人称单数)
Ex: He specializes in criminal law.
例句翻译:他专攻刑法。
分析:把重点放在某一特定领域的学习或工作上。
obesity /oʊˈbiːsəti/
n. 肥胖,肥胖症
Ex: Obesity is a growing problem in many countries.
例句翻译:在许多国家,肥胖是一个日益严重的问题。
分析:体重过度超标的医学状况。
The modern food industry, and the overeating habits it has spawned, is just one example of the 2nd Law of Behavior Change: Make it attractive.
现代食品工业及其引发的暴饮暴食习惯,只是行为改变第二定律“让它变得有吸引力”的一个例子。
industry /ˈɪndəstri/
n. 工业,行业
Ex: The tech industry is booming.
例句翻译:科技行业正在蓬勃发展。
分析:生产特定商品或提供特定服务的商业活动领域。
spawned /spɔːnd/
v. 产生,引起(过去分词)
Ex: The new economic policy has spawned a lot of criticism.
例句翻译:新的经济政策引起了许多批评。
分析:导致某事物的产生或发展。
The more attractive an opportunity is, the more likely it is to become habitforming.
一个机会越有吸引力,它就越有可能养成习惯。
opportunity /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti/
n. 机会,时机
Ex: Don't miss this great opportunity.
例句翻译:别错过这个大好机会。
分析:有利于做某事的时间或情况。
likely /ˈlaɪkli/
adj. 可能的
Ex: It is highly likely to rain today.
例句翻译:今天很可能会下雨。
分析:表示某事发生的概率很高。
habitforming /ˈhæbɪtfɔːrmɪŋ/
adj. 容易上瘾的,形成习惯的
Ex: Coffee can be habitforming.
例句翻译:咖啡可能会让人上瘾。
分析:指某事物容易让人产生依赖或形成习惯(通常作 habit-forming)。
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