THE DOPAMINE-DRIVEN FEEDBACK LOOP.Scientists can track the precise moment a craving occurs by measuring a neurotransmitter called dopamine.The importance of dopamine became apparent in 1954 when the neuroscientists James Olds and Peter Milner ran an experiment that revealed the neurological processes behind craving and desire.By implanting electrodes in the brains of rats, the researchers blocked the release of dopamine.To the surprise of the scientists, the rats lost all will to live.They wouldn’t eat.They wouldn’t have sex.They didn’t crave anything.Within a few days, the animals died of thirst.In follow-up studies, other scientists also inhibited the dopamine-releasing parts of the brain, but this time, they squirted little droplets of sugar into the mouths of the dopamine-depleted rats.Their little rat faces lit up with pleasurable grins from the tasty substance.Even though dopamine was blocked, they liked the sugar just as much as before; they just didn’t want it anymore.The ability to experience pleasure remained, but without dopamine, desire died.And without desire, action stopped.When other researchers reversed this process and flooded the reward system of the brain with dopamine, animals performed habits at breakneck speed.In one study, mice received a powerful hit of dopamine each time they poked their nose in a box.Within minutes, the mice developed a craving so strong they began poking their nose into the box eight hundred times per hour.(Humans are not so different: the average slot machine player will spin the wheel six hundred times per hour.)Habits are a dopamine-driven feedback loop.Every behavior that is highly habit-forming—taking drugs, eating junk food, playing video games, browsing social media—is associated with higher levels of dopamine.The same can be said for our most basic habitual behaviors like eating food, drinking water, having sex, and interacting socially.
Scientists can track the precise moment a craving occurs by measuring a neurotransmitter called dopamine.
科学家可以通过测量一种称为多巴胺的神经递质来追踪渴望发生的确切时刻。
precise/prɪˈsaɪs/
adj. 精确的,确切的
Ex: The precise details.
例句翻译:确切的细节。 分析:形容词,确切、准确的,没有错误的。
neurotransmitter/ˌnʊroʊtrænsˈmɪtər/
n. 神经递质
Ex: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter.
例句翻译:多巴胺是一种神经递质。 分析:名词,在大脑细胞间传递信息的化学物质。
The importance of dopamine became apparent in 1954 when the neuroscientists James Olds and Peter Milner ran an experiment that revealed the neurological processes behind craving and desire.
By implanting electrodes in the brains of rats, the researchers blocked the release of dopamine.
通过在大鼠大脑中植入电极,研究人员阻断了多巴胺的释放。
implant/ɪmˈplænt/
v. 植入
Ex: Implant a device.
例句翻译:植入一个装置。 分析:动词,通过手术将某物放入体内。
electrode/ɪˈlektroʊd/
n. 电极
Ex: Attach an electrode.
例句翻译:连接电极。 分析:名词,电流进入或离开装置的导体。
release/rɪˈliːs/
n./v. 释放
Ex: The release of tension.
例句翻译:紧张情绪的释放。 分析:名词,允许某物移动、流动或被看到的过程。
To the surprise of the scientists, the rats lost all will to live.
令科学家惊讶的是,大鼠失去了所有的生存意志。
will/wɪl/
n. 意志,决心
Ex: The will to survive.
例句翻译:生存的意志。 分析:名词,想要做某事或实现某事的强烈愿望。
They wouldn’t eat.
它们不吃东西。
wouldn't/ˈwʊdnt/
v. 过去不肯
Ex: He wouldn't listen.
例句翻译:他不肯听。 分析:助动词,would not的缩写,表示过去拒绝做某事。
They wouldn’t have sex.
它们不交配。
sex/seks/
n. 性交,性
Ex: Have sex.
例句翻译:性交。 分析:名词,性行为。
They didn’t crave anything.
它们不渴望任何东西。
crave/kreɪv/
v. 渴望
Ex: Crave attention.
例句翻译:渴望关注。 分析:动词,强烈地想要某物。
Within a few days, the animals died of thirst.
几天之内,这些动物渴死了。
thirst/θɜːrst/
n. 口渴
Ex: Die of thirst.
例句翻译:渴死。 分析:名词,需要喝水的感觉。
In follow-up studies, other scientists also inhibited the dopamine-releasing parts of the brain, but this time, they squirted little droplets of sugar into the mouths of the dopamine-depleted rats.
Their little rat faces lit up with pleasurable grins from the tasty substance.
它们的小老鼠脸上因这种美味的物质而亮起了愉悦的笑容。
pleasurable/ˈpleʒərəbl/
adj. 令人愉快的
Ex: A pleasurable experience.
例句翻译:令人愉快的经历。 分析:形容词,给人带来快乐或享受的。
grin/ɡrɪn/
n. 咧嘴笑
Ex: A wide grin.
例句翻译:灿烂的笑容。 分析:名词,露出牙齿的宽大笑容。
substance/ˈsʌbstəns/
n. 物质
Ex: A sticky substance.
例句翻译:一种黏性物质。 分析:名词,一种特定类型的固体、液体或气体。
Even though dopamine was blocked, they liked the sugar just as much as before; they just didn’t want it anymore.
即使多巴胺被阻断,它们仍然像以前一样喜欢糖;它们只是不再想要它了。
block/blɑːk/
v. 阻断,阻塞
Ex: Block the road.
例句翻译:堵住道路。 分析:动词,阻止某物移动或流过。
The ability to experience pleasure remained, but without dopamine, desire died.
体验快乐的能力依然存在,但如果没有多巴胺,欲望就死了。
remain/rɪˈmeɪn/
v. 保持,留下
Ex: Remain calm.
例句翻译:保持冷静。 分析:动词,继续以同样的状态或状况存在。
desire/dɪˈzaɪər/
n. 欲望,愿望
Ex: A strong desire.
例句翻译:强烈的愿望。 分析:名词,强烈想要某物的感觉。
And without desire, action stopped.
而没有欲望,行动就停止了。
action/ˈækʃn/
n. 行动
Ex: Take action.
例句翻译:采取行动。 分析:名词,为了达到特定目的而做的事情。
When other researchers reversed this process and flooded the reward system of the brain with dopamine, animals performed habits at breakneck speed.
当其他研究人员逆转这一过程,让大脑的奖励系统充满多巴胺时,动物们以极快的速度执行习惯。
reverse/rɪˈvɜːrs/
v. 逆转,反转
Ex: Reverse the decision.
例句翻译:撤销决定。 分析:动词,把某事变成相反的状态。
flood/flʌd/
v. 淹没,充满
Ex: Flood the market.
例句翻译:充斥市场。 分析:动词,使充满大量某物。
breakneck/ˈbreɪknek/
adj. 极快的,危险的
Ex: At breakneck speed.
例句翻译:以极快的速度。 分析:形容词,非常快且经常危险的。
In one study, mice received a powerful hit of dopamine each time they poked their nose in a box.
在一项研究中,小鼠每次把鼻子戳进盒子里时都会得到一次强烈的多巴胺刺激。
hit/hɪt/
n. 刺激,剂量
Ex: A hit of dopamine.
例句翻译:一阵多巴胺的刺激。 分析:名词,药物或化学物质的一剂或强烈影响。
poke/poʊk/
v. 戳,刺
Ex: Poke a hole.
例句翻译:戳个洞。 分析:动词,用手指或尖物快速推。
Within minutes, the mice developed a craving so strong they began poking their nose into the box eight hundred times per hour.
几分钟内,小鼠产生了一种如此强烈的渴望,以至于它们开始每小时把鼻子戳进盒子里八百次。
develop/dɪˈveləp/
v. 产生,发展
Ex: Develop a habit.
例句翻译:养成一个习惯。 分析:动词,开始拥有或经历(如疾病、感觉或习惯)。
(Humans are not so different: the average slot machine player will spin the wheel six hundred times per hour.)
(人类并没有太大的不同:普通的角子机玩家每小时会旋转轮盘六百次。)
average/ˈævərɪdʒ/
adj. 平均的,普通的
Ex: An average person.
例句翻译:普通人。 分析:形容词,典型的或正常的。
slot machine/slɑːt məˈʃiːn/
n. 老虎机,角子机
Ex: Play the slot machine.
例句翻译:玩老虎机。 分析:名词,一种赌博机器。
spin/spɪn/
v. 旋转
Ex: Spin the wheel.
例句翻译:转动轮盘。 分析:动词,快速地绕着中心点转动。
Habits are a dopamine-driven feedback loop.
习惯是一个由多巴胺驱动的反馈回路。
loop/luːp/
n. 环,循环
Ex: An endless loop.
例句翻译:无尽的循环。 分析:名词,弯曲成环状的形状或连续的循环过程。
Every behavior that is highly habit-forming—taking drugs, eating junk food, playing video games, browsing social media—is associated with higher levels of dopamine.